Evaluate Public-Private-Partnership’s advancement using double hierarchy hesitant fuzzy linguistic PROMETHEE with subjective and objective information from stakeholder perspective
Abstract
Public-Private-Partnership (PPP) as an efficient mode to provide public services through the government and social capital’s cooperation has been in China for more than 30 years. In this paper, we propose an approach to evaluate PPP’s advancement in different areas based on the subjective and objective information fusion. At first, we establish an index system from the perspective of the stakeholder. Then, considering that double hierarchy hesitant fuzzy linguistic term set (DHHFLTS) that has two hierarchies of linguistic term sets can describe the subjective linguistic information more accurately, it is applied in the paper to depict the subjective information. By applying the entropy of the DHHFLTS, a programming model is proposed to derive the attribute weight through combining subjective evaluation with objective data. In addition, we develop the double hierarchy hesitant fuzzy linguistic PROMETHEE combining the subjective and objective information (DHHFL-PROMETHEE-S&O) method. At last, we illustrate the index system and the method with the PPP’s advancement evaluation problem, and we can find the best choice based on the ranking result. Meanwhile, we also find that the objective information and the subjective information are complementary in the evaluation process.
First published online 20 March 2019
Keyword : Public-Private-Partnership, double hierarchy hesitant fuzzy linguistic term set, PROMETHEE, subjective and objective information fusion
How to Cite
Liu, N., He, Y., & Xu, Z. (2019). Evaluate Public-Private-Partnership’s advancement using double hierarchy hesitant fuzzy linguistic PROMETHEE with subjective and objective information from stakeholder perspective. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 25(3), 386-420. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2019.7588
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Chen, F. (2008). Study on interest coordination and distribution to stakeholders in PPP project. Chongqing University.
Cheng, X. (2014). Research on target system of PPP project based on stakeholder satisfaction. Project Management Technology, 12(11), 72-76.
Choua, S. Y., & Shen, C. Y. (2008). A fuzzy simple additive weighting system under group decision-making for facility location selection with objective/subjective attributes. European Journal of Operational Research, 189(1), 132-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2007.05.006
Cruz, C. O., & Marque, R. C. (2014). Theoretical Considerations on Quantitative PPP Viability Analysis. Journal of Management in Engineering, 30(1), 122-126. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000184
Cui, C. Y., Liu, Y., Hope, A., & Wang, J. P. (2018). Review of studies on the public-private partnerships (PPP) for infrastructure projects. International Journal of Project Management, 36(5), 773-794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2018.03.004
Fan, J. L., & Ma, Y. L. (2002). Some new fuzzy entropy formulas. Fuzzy Sets & Systems, 128(2), 277-284. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0114(01)00127-0
Fan, Z. P., & Pan, D. H. (1999). A subjective and objective synthetic method for multiple attribute decision making. Systems Engineering, 13(5), 397-404.
Finch, B. G. (2000). Linguistic Terms and Concepts. UK: Macmillan Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27748-3
Freeman, R. E., & Phillips, R. A. (2010). Stakeholder Theory. UK: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511815768
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Guo, X. Z., & Xin, X. L. (2006). Some new generalized entropy formulas of fuzzy sets. Journal of Northwest University, 36(4), 529-532.
Halouani, N., Chabchoub, H., & Martel, J. M. (2009). PROMETHEE-MD-2T method for project selection. European Journal of Operational Research, 195(3), 841-849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2007.11.016
Herniter, J. D. (1973). An entropy model of brand purchase behavior. Journal of Marketing Research, 10(4), 361-375. https://doi.org/10.2307/3149383
Jayant, A., & Sahrma, J. (2018). A comprehensive literature review of MCDM techniques ELECTRE, PROMETHEE, VIKOR and TOPSIS applications in business competitive environment. International Journal of Current Research, 10(2), 65461-65477.
Jia, C. Y. (2015). Research on the Success Criteria of PPP Project. China: Chongqing University Press.
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Kwak, Y. H., Chih, Y. Y., & Ibbs, C. W. (2009). Towards a comprehensive understanding of Public Private Partnerships for infrastructure development. California Management Review, 51(2), 51-78. https://doi.org/10.2307/41166480
Li, B., Ren, J. L., Wang, C. Z., Wei, C. Y., & Li, J. (2013, July). A multi-attribute decision method combining subjective and objective information. In International Conference on Management Science and Engineering. Heilongjiang, China: IEEE Press. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMSE.2013.6586364
Li, L., Li, Z. F., Jiang, L., Wu, G. D., & Cheng, D. J. (2018). Enhanced cooperation among stakeholders in PPP mega-infrastructure projects: A China study. Sustainability, 10(8), 2791. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082791
Li, W. X., & Li, B. Y. (2010). An extension of the PROMETHEE II method based on generalized fuzzy numbers. Expert Systems with Applications, 37(7), 5314-5319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2010.01.004
Li, Y., & Zhao, L. (2015). An empirical study on building risk evaluation system of PPP project under the background of new urbanization – A case study of Shanghai Xinzhuang CCHP project. Reform of Economic System, 5, 17-23.
Liang, X., Wei, C. P., & Cheng, X. Y. (2016, November). Entropy measures for extended hesitant fuzzy linguistic term sets and their applications, In International Symposium on Knowledge and Systems Sciences. Kobe, Japan: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2857-1_13
Liang, Y. H., & Jia, H. J. (2018). Key success indicators for PPP projects: evidence from Hong Kong. Advances in Civil Engineering, 2018(6), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9576496
Liu, X. (1992). Entropy, distance measure and similarity measure of fuzzy sets and their relations. Fuzzy Sets & Systems, 52(3), 305-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0114(92)90239-Z
Ma, J., Fan, Z. P., & Huang, L. H. (1999). A subjective and objective integrated approach to determine attribute weights. European Journal of Operational Research, 112(2), 397-404. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(98)00141-6
Mareschal, B., Brans, J. P., & Vincke, P. (1984). PROMETHEE: a new family of outranking methods in multicriteria analysis. In J. P. Brans (Ed.), Operational Research ’84 (pp. 477-490). Amsterdam, North-Holland: Elsevier.
Ministry of Finance of the People’s Republic of China. (2014). Notification of operation guidelines on the operation of the Public Private Partnership mode. Retrieved from http://www.cpppc.org/zh/bmwj/2669.jhtml
Ministry of Finance of the People’s Republic of China. (2015a). Notice of the Ministry of Finance on the implementation the complement policy of PPP project. Retrieved from http://www.cpppc.org/zh/bmwj/2643.jhtml/
Ministry of Finance of the People’s Republic of China. (2017). National PPP Integrated Information Platform Project Library. Retrieved from http://www.cpppc.org:8086/pppcentral/map/toPPPMap.do
Ministry of Finance of the People’s Republic of China. (2015b). Notice of the ministry of finance on the implementation of the demonstration PPP project. Retrieved from http://www.cpppc.org/zh/gzdt/1905.jhtml
Niu, X. F. (2008). PPP risk indicator system and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. Chongqing University Press.
Palevicius, V., Podviezko, A., Sivilevičius, H., & Prentkovskis, O. (2018). Decision-aiding evaluation of public infrastructure for electric vehicles in cities and resorts of Lithuania. Sustainability, 10(4), 904. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10040904
Podvezko, V., & Podviezko, A. (2010). Dependence of multi-criteria evaluation result on choice of preference functions and their parameters. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 16(1), 143-158. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2010.09
Rao, R. V., & Patel, B. K. (2010). A subjective and objective integrated multiple attribute decision making method for material selection. Materials & Design, 31(10), 4738-4747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2010.05.014
Saad, R., Ahmad, M. Z., Abu, M. S., & Jusoh, M. S. (2014). Hamming distance method with subjective and objective weights for personnel selection. The Scientific World Journal, 2014. Article ID 280146. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/280146
Sennaroglu, B., & Celebi, G. V. (2018). A military airport location selection by AHP integrated PROMETHEE and VIKOR methods. Transportation Research Part D Transport & Environment, 59, 160-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.12.022
Shannon, C. E., & Weaver, W. (1949). Mathematical theory of communication. US: University of Illinois.
Shih, H. S., Chang, Y. T., & Cheng, C. P. (2016). A generalized PROMETHEE III with risk preferences on losses and gains. International Journal of Information & Management Sciences, 27(2), 117-127.
Sioshansi, F. P. (1983). Subjective evaluation using expert judgment: An application. IEEE Transactions on Systems Man & Cybernetics, 13(3), 391-397. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMC.1983.6313170
Tang, L. Y., Tang, Q. E., & Cheng, W. L. (2010). A review of studies on Public-Private Partnership projects in the construction industry. International Journal of Project Management, 28(7), 683-694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2009.11.009
The Word Bank Group. (2017). PPP reference guide. Retrieved from https://pppknowledgelab.org/guide/sections/1-introduction/
Wang, H. L. (2015). Preliminary research on urban PPP investment rating index. Sub National Fiscal Research, 8, 9-14.
Wang, J., & Zhou, H. W. (2011). Subjective and objective weight combined decision-making method based on Kullback divergence. Journal of University of Jinan, 25(4), 414-417.
Wang, Z. X., & Li, Q. X. (2006). An approach to integrate the final weights based on the subjective and objective weights. Communication on Applied Mathematics and Computation, 20(1), 87-92.
Xia, M. M., & Xu, Z. S. (2012). Entropy/cross entropy-based group decision making under intuitionistic fuzzy environment. Information Fusion, 13(1), 31-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2010.12.001
Xia, M. M., Zhang, R. T., & Badr, Y. (2017). Choquet-based multi-criteria decision making with objective and subjective information. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, 30(2), 773-781. https://doi.org/10.3233/IFS-151798
Xu, Y. J., & Da, Q. L. (2005). An objective and subjective synthetic approach to determine weights based on ideal-solution for multi-attribute decision making. Industrial Engineering and Management, 10(4), 45-47.
Xu, Z. S., & Chen, J. (2007, December). A subjective and objective integrated method for MAGDM problems with multiple types of exact preference formats. In International Conference on Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning. Birmingham, UK: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77226-2_16
Xu, Z. S., & Xia, M. M. (2012). Hesitant fuzzy entropy and cross-entropy and their use in multiattribute decision-making. International Journal of Intelligent Systems, 27(9), 799-822. https://doi.org/10.1002/int.21548
Yager, R. R. (1995). Measures of entropy and fuzziness related to aggregation operators. Information Sciences, 82(3-4), 147-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-0255(94)00030-F
Yager, R. R. (2016). Multicriteria decision making with ordinal/linguistic intuitionistic fuzzy sets for mobile apps. IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, 24(3), 590-599. https://doi.org/10.1109/TFUZZ.2015.2463740
Yano, Y. E., Sueyoshi, E., Shinohara, I., & Kato, T. (2003, December). Development of a recommendation system with multiple subjective evaluation process models. In International Conference on Cyberworlds. Singapore: IEEE Press. https://doi.org/10.1109/CYBER.2003.1253474
Yu, J. Q. (2013). Research on benefit distribution among stakeholders of Public-Private Partnership project based on Shapley value. Tianjin: Tianjin University.
Zadeh, L. A. A. (1968). Probability measures of fuzzy events. Journal of Mathematical Analysis & Applications, 28(2), 421-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-247X(68)90078-4
Zhang, K. J., Kluck, C., & Achari, G. (2009). A comparative approach for ranking contaminated sites based on the risk assessment paradigm using fuzzy PROMETHEE. Environmental Management, 44(5), 952-967. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-009-9368-7
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Babu, A. J. G., & Suresh, N. (1996). Project management with time, cost, and quality considerations. European Journal of Operational Research, 88(2), 320-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(94)00202-9
Brans, J. P., & Mareschal, B. (2005). PROMETHEE methods. New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-23081-5_5
Brans, J. P., Vincke, P., & Mareschal, B. (1986). How to select and how to rank projects: The PROMETHEE method. European Journal of Operational Research, 24(2), 228-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(86)90044-5
Brinkerhoff, D. W., & Brinkerhoff, J. M. (2011). Public-private partnerships: Perspectives on purposes, publicness, and good governance. Public Administration and Development, 31(1), 2-14. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.584
British HM Treasury. (2017). Collection Public Private Partnership. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/Public-Private-Partnershipps
Cao, Q. W., & Wu, J. (2009, September). Research on hybrid multiple attribute decision-making problems based on subjective weight and objective weight integrated. In International Conference on Management and Service Science. Wuhan, China: IEEE Press. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMSS.2009.5301130
Chen, F. (2008). Study on interest coordination and distribution to stakeholders in PPP project. Chongqing University.
Cheng, X. (2014). Research on target system of PPP project based on stakeholder satisfaction. Project Management Technology, 12(11), 72-76.
Choua, S. Y., & Shen, C. Y. (2008). A fuzzy simple additive weighting system under group decision-making for facility location selection with objective/subjective attributes. European Journal of Operational Research, 189(1), 132-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2007.05.006
Cruz, C. O., & Marque, R. C. (2014). Theoretical Considerations on Quantitative PPP Viability Analysis. Journal of Management in Engineering, 30(1), 122-126. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000184
Cui, C. Y., Liu, Y., Hope, A., & Wang, J. P. (2018). Review of studies on the public-private partnerships (PPP) for infrastructure projects. International Journal of Project Management, 36(5), 773-794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2018.03.004
Fan, J. L., & Ma, Y. L. (2002). Some new fuzzy entropy formulas. Fuzzy Sets & Systems, 128(2), 277-284. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0114(01)00127-0
Fan, Z. P., & Pan, D. H. (1999). A subjective and objective synthetic method for multiple attribute decision making. Systems Engineering, 13(5), 397-404.
Finch, B. G. (2000). Linguistic Terms and Concepts. UK: Macmillan Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27748-3
Freeman, R. E., & Phillips, R. A. (2010). Stakeholder Theory. UK: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511815768
Gou, X. J., Liao, H. C., Xu, Z. S., & Herrera, F. (2017a). Double hierarchy hesitant fuzzy linguistic term set and MULTIMOORA method. Information Fusion, 38(C), 22-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2017.02.008
Gou, X. J., Liao, H. C., Xu, Z. S., & Herrera, F. (2017b). Some Distance and Similarity Measures of Double Hierarchy Hesitant Fuzzy Linguistic Term Sets (Working Paper). School of Business, Sichuan University.
Guo, X. Z., & Xin, X. L. (2006). Some new generalized entropy formulas of fuzzy sets. Journal of Northwest University, 36(4), 529-532.
Halouani, N., Chabchoub, H., & Martel, J. M. (2009). PROMETHEE-MD-2T method for project selection. European Journal of Operational Research, 195(3), 841-849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2007.11.016
Herniter, J. D. (1973). An entropy model of brand purchase behavior. Journal of Marketing Research, 10(4), 361-375. https://doi.org/10.2307/3149383
Jayant, A., & Sahrma, J. (2018). A comprehensive literature review of MCDM techniques ELECTRE, PROMETHEE, VIKOR and TOPSIS applications in business competitive environment. International Journal of Current Research, 10(2), 65461-65477.
Jia, C. Y. (2015). Research on the Success Criteria of PPP Project. China: Chongqing University Press.
Jiao, X. P. (2017). Director of the PPP center of the ministry of finance: the ministry of finance has insisted on the reform of PPP. Retrieved from http://www.cpppc.org/zh/pppyw/4740.jhtml
Kong, F. H., & Liu, Y. (2007). A new fuzzy MADM algorithm based on subjective and objective integrated weights. International Journal of Information and Systems Sciences, 1(3), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSSSM.2007.4280142
Kwak, Y. H., Chih, Y. Y., & Ibbs, C. W. (2009). Towards a comprehensive understanding of Public Private Partnerships for infrastructure development. California Management Review, 51(2), 51-78. https://doi.org/10.2307/41166480
Li, B., Ren, J. L., Wang, C. Z., Wei, C. Y., & Li, J. (2013, July). A multi-attribute decision method combining subjective and objective information. In International Conference on Management Science and Engineering. Heilongjiang, China: IEEE Press. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMSE.2013.6586364
Li, L., Li, Z. F., Jiang, L., Wu, G. D., & Cheng, D. J. (2018). Enhanced cooperation among stakeholders in PPP mega-infrastructure projects: A China study. Sustainability, 10(8), 2791. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082791
Li, W. X., & Li, B. Y. (2010). An extension of the PROMETHEE II method based on generalized fuzzy numbers. Expert Systems with Applications, 37(7), 5314-5319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2010.01.004
Li, Y., & Zhao, L. (2015). An empirical study on building risk evaluation system of PPP project under the background of new urbanization – A case study of Shanghai Xinzhuang CCHP project. Reform of Economic System, 5, 17-23.
Liang, X., Wei, C. P., & Cheng, X. Y. (2016, November). Entropy measures for extended hesitant fuzzy linguistic term sets and their applications, In International Symposium on Knowledge and Systems Sciences. Kobe, Japan: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2857-1_13
Liang, Y. H., & Jia, H. J. (2018). Key success indicators for PPP projects: evidence from Hong Kong. Advances in Civil Engineering, 2018(6), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9576496
Liu, X. (1992). Entropy, distance measure and similarity measure of fuzzy sets and their relations. Fuzzy Sets & Systems, 52(3), 305-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0114(92)90239-Z
Ma, J., Fan, Z. P., & Huang, L. H. (1999). A subjective and objective integrated approach to determine attribute weights. European Journal of Operational Research, 112(2), 397-404. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(98)00141-6
Mareschal, B., Brans, J. P., & Vincke, P. (1984). PROMETHEE: a new family of outranking methods in multicriteria analysis. In J. P. Brans (Ed.), Operational Research ’84 (pp. 477-490). Amsterdam, North-Holland: Elsevier.
Ministry of Finance of the People’s Republic of China. (2014). Notification of operation guidelines on the operation of the Public Private Partnership mode. Retrieved from http://www.cpppc.org/zh/bmwj/2669.jhtml
Ministry of Finance of the People’s Republic of China. (2015a). Notice of the Ministry of Finance on the implementation the complement policy of PPP project. Retrieved from http://www.cpppc.org/zh/bmwj/2643.jhtml/
Ministry of Finance of the People’s Republic of China. (2017). National PPP Integrated Information Platform Project Library. Retrieved from http://www.cpppc.org:8086/pppcentral/map/toPPPMap.do
Ministry of Finance of the People’s Republic of China. (2015b). Notice of the ministry of finance on the implementation of the demonstration PPP project. Retrieved from http://www.cpppc.org/zh/gzdt/1905.jhtml
Niu, X. F. (2008). PPP risk indicator system and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. Chongqing University Press.
Palevicius, V., Podviezko, A., Sivilevičius, H., & Prentkovskis, O. (2018). Decision-aiding evaluation of public infrastructure for electric vehicles in cities and resorts of Lithuania. Sustainability, 10(4), 904. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10040904
Podvezko, V., & Podviezko, A. (2010). Dependence of multi-criteria evaluation result on choice of preference functions and their parameters. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 16(1), 143-158. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2010.09
Rao, R. V., & Patel, B. K. (2010). A subjective and objective integrated multiple attribute decision making method for material selection. Materials & Design, 31(10), 4738-4747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2010.05.014
Saad, R., Ahmad, M. Z., Abu, M. S., & Jusoh, M. S. (2014). Hamming distance method with subjective and objective weights for personnel selection. The Scientific World Journal, 2014. Article ID 280146. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/280146
Sennaroglu, B., & Celebi, G. V. (2018). A military airport location selection by AHP integrated PROMETHEE and VIKOR methods. Transportation Research Part D Transport & Environment, 59, 160-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.12.022
Shannon, C. E., & Weaver, W. (1949). Mathematical theory of communication. US: University of Illinois.
Shih, H. S., Chang, Y. T., & Cheng, C. P. (2016). A generalized PROMETHEE III with risk preferences on losses and gains. International Journal of Information & Management Sciences, 27(2), 117-127.
Sioshansi, F. P. (1983). Subjective evaluation using expert judgment: An application. IEEE Transactions on Systems Man & Cybernetics, 13(3), 391-397. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMC.1983.6313170
Tang, L. Y., Tang, Q. E., & Cheng, W. L. (2010). A review of studies on Public-Private Partnership projects in the construction industry. International Journal of Project Management, 28(7), 683-694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2009.11.009
The Word Bank Group. (2017). PPP reference guide. Retrieved from https://pppknowledgelab.org/guide/sections/1-introduction/
Wang, H. L. (2015). Preliminary research on urban PPP investment rating index. Sub National Fiscal Research, 8, 9-14.
Wang, J., & Zhou, H. W. (2011). Subjective and objective weight combined decision-making method based on Kullback divergence. Journal of University of Jinan, 25(4), 414-417.
Wang, Z. X., & Li, Q. X. (2006). An approach to integrate the final weights based on the subjective and objective weights. Communication on Applied Mathematics and Computation, 20(1), 87-92.
Xia, M. M., & Xu, Z. S. (2012). Entropy/cross entropy-based group decision making under intuitionistic fuzzy environment. Information Fusion, 13(1), 31-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2010.12.001
Xia, M. M., Zhang, R. T., & Badr, Y. (2017). Choquet-based multi-criteria decision making with objective and subjective information. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, 30(2), 773-781. https://doi.org/10.3233/IFS-151798
Xu, Y. J., & Da, Q. L. (2005). An objective and subjective synthetic approach to determine weights based on ideal-solution for multi-attribute decision making. Industrial Engineering and Management, 10(4), 45-47.
Xu, Z. S., & Chen, J. (2007, December). A subjective and objective integrated method for MAGDM problems with multiple types of exact preference formats. In International Conference on Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning. Birmingham, UK: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77226-2_16
Xu, Z. S., & Xia, M. M. (2012). Hesitant fuzzy entropy and cross-entropy and their use in multiattribute decision-making. International Journal of Intelligent Systems, 27(9), 799-822. https://doi.org/10.1002/int.21548
Yager, R. R. (1995). Measures of entropy and fuzziness related to aggregation operators. Information Sciences, 82(3-4), 147-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-0255(94)00030-F
Yager, R. R. (2016). Multicriteria decision making with ordinal/linguistic intuitionistic fuzzy sets for mobile apps. IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, 24(3), 590-599. https://doi.org/10.1109/TFUZZ.2015.2463740
Yano, Y. E., Sueyoshi, E., Shinohara, I., & Kato, T. (2003, December). Development of a recommendation system with multiple subjective evaluation process models. In International Conference on Cyberworlds. Singapore: IEEE Press. https://doi.org/10.1109/CYBER.2003.1253474
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